Material Type

Recording

Date Range

1994

Fonds

Dr. Hugh Arnold fonds

Description Level

Fonds

Physical Description

1 audio cassette (digital file)

Physical Condition

Excellent

History Biographical

Dr. Arnold donated his papers to the Galt Museum and Archives in September 1993, with the provision that they be available for an independent study project done by University of Lethbridge student Donna Kampen, under the supervision of Professor Bill Baker of the Department of History. Donna Kampen organized Dr. Arnold's papers conducted a series of oral history interviews (8 audio cassettes) with Dr. Arnold.

Acquisition Source

Arnold Dr Hugh A

Scope and Content

The following transcript was prepared by Donna Kampen. Q You were telling me that you had cleared up some questions we had about some dates. A: Yes. There were some questions with regards to some of the organizations I've belonged to. Would you like me just to read them? Q: Sure. That would be great, then well have them on the tape. A: I'm afraid I haven't got them in chronological order. Q I don't think that matters. They'll be on the tape. A: Okay. After leaving high school—I think I've reviewed that part of my life through high school in Calgary, and then teaching north of Edmonton for a year, and then going on to university. I started in 1930 in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Alberta, and took a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934. Then, I proceeded into the faculty of medicine, and received my MD. in 1938. On July 6,19381 was registered with the Medical Council of Canada after having sat their examinations. This enabled registration in any of the provincial jurisdictions in Canada. I won't have this chronologically. Q That doesn't matter. A: You'll be able to sort it out eh? Q: Sure. A: You were wondering about dates—particularly my fellowship in the American College of Physicians. That was granted on November 9, 1963. I interned at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal from July, 1939 until June 1940. I took a course at Harvard Medical School, at the Graduate School at Harvard, from January until May of 1953 in Cardiology—this was post graduate work. I was awarded membership in the Canadian Cardiovascular Society on March 16,1970, and I'm still a member of that body. (I think I have a life membership, but I'll have to check on that for you.) I wrote the examination in internal medicine at the University of Alberta, and was granted that certificate on May 13,1951. I had honorary membership in the Medical staff of Lethbridge Municipal Hospital granted on December 8,1983. I was granted life membership in the American College of Physicians on March 28, 1973. I am a life member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. I am a life member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Oh, I'll just put this in. I was a member of the Lethbridge Housing Authority and was granted a voluntary service award by that body when I completed my years of service. Shall I go on? Q Sure. A: I was awarded a special certificate in Internal Medicine by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada on December 8, 1950, having sat that examination. I was granted a fellowship in the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada on November 23,1972. I was granted the outstanding achievement award of the Medical Alumni Association of the University of Alberta on September 27,1972. I was granted senior life membership in the Alberta Medical Association on September 24,1976, and I was granted senior membership in the Canadian Medical Association on September 24,1976. That is indicative of life membership in that body. Q: Yes. A: I'm a past president and life member of the Kinsmen Club of Lethbridge. I'm a Past president and Paul Harris Fellow of the Rotary Club of Lethbridge, And I'm still a member of that body. I'm a past president of the Alberta Society of Internal Medicine, and past president of the Canadian Society of Internal Medicine. I'm a member of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (and I think I'm a life member of that too, but I'll have to check on that). That's about enough. Q That's good though. It's good to have this on the tape. Other than getting it directly from you, I don't know how a future historian could find all that out, so now that its on the transcriptions (or will be) we've got it nailed down. A: Right. Q I think that we've covered a lot of ground, and the interviews that you had up in Calgary with Mr. Kirchner fill in a lot of blanks, but they brought up some points that I'd like to expand on a bit A: Right. Q In the 50's, did you see epidemics of diseases in Lethbridge? I'm thinking particularly of polio. A: Yes, I did. We had a polio epidemic—I can't just recall now. Q. The exact dates don't matter—probably the early 50's A: I can get the exact dates for you. Q That would be great. For now, I'm interested in it from your point of view—from the point of view of a physician. A: Yes. We had an epidemic of polio at that time. It was, I think, fairly general (I shouldn't say Canada, but I believe it was all through Canada—certainly in Alberta we had large numbers). Q I think I was in the rest of Canada as well. I can remember when I was a child-I was born in 1947—1 can remember my mother keeping my brothers and sister at home one summer. I can remember whining about wanting to go to my friend's house, and her telling me that there was polio around, and that we had to stay in the yard and just play with each other. That would have been in the 50's. A: Yes. There was a polio epidemic which affected a sizable number of patients in this area. We had wards in this hospital-The Gait hospital—given over to the care of polio patients. Q Did it affect mostly children, or... ? A: No, It didn't. It affected children and adults. The iron lung was used in some instances. Q You had an iron lung in Lethbridge? A: Yes, we had one in Lethbridge here. We also used beds at the old Isolation Hospital, which is on 7th Ave south. It is now an apartment building, but is was the isolation hospital at that time, and we used that hospital for some of our patients. The nurse in charge....well actually Miss Tennant, the nurse —no, the superintendent of nursing of this hospital—I shouldn't really say "superintendent"---but, yes I guess she was the superintendent— Q Was she the "Director of Nursing?" A: Yes, that's it! The Director of Nursing. She gave terrific, yeoman's service to the polio patients. She worked night and day for them, helping them, attending to their needs, and it was really a wonderful thing. A wonderful service. The superintendent of the isolation hospital, the director of nursing there, was Miss Mildred Dobbs. She was always a tower of strength to people who had to be admitted to the isolation ward with polio or other infectious diseases that we had at that time. Q Could you mention some of them? A: Yes, we had scarlet fever, which was not infrequent, and it was caused by the streptococcus bacteria... Q Yes. A: It usually came on after an acute strep throat. It was a dangerous disease, because it sometimes affected the kidneys and patients went on to develop a nephritis—kidney disease, kidney failure, as a result of scarlet fever. With the advent of antibiotics, particularly penicillin, the bacteria-the strep bacteria was sensitive to penicillin—and as a result it wasn't too long until we could get the strep infection under control quite easily. With the strep infection under control, the diseases which were caused by strep infection, like scarlet fever, were almost wiped out. We seldom see scarlet fever ever now. Rheumatic fever was another disease which resulted from strep infections. It went on to cause damage to tissues throughout the body. This included the joints, certain tissues within joints—(this is the "rheumatic" component of the disease)— Q Yes. A: But more seriously, it also affected parts of the heart. The heart has several fibrous tissues. One being the pericardium, that's the outer lining of the heart, the other the tissues within the muscles of the heart itself—the myocardium, and also the valves of the heart—the mitral valve, the aortic valve. These valves were affected because they are fibrous tissue, and they were affected by rheumatic fever. People suffered from Rheumatic fever caused by strep infection, and here again with the advent of antibiotics and the strep infection coming under control, there was a spectacular reduction in these diseases. We seldom now see rheumatic fever. It still occurs, but to a negligible amount compared to before. Infectious diseases like diphtheria, whooping cough, measles and mumps, these have all come under very adequate control with the advent of immunizations at an early age. The use of vaccines-these have all come under control. They still occur, but only sporadically. Q I would imagine that immunization hasn't completely eradicated these yet. A: Not, it hasn't. Even polio has not yet been eliminated world wide. I talked to a friend in California who I did work with in Boston many years ago, and he has several sons...I think three sons who are practicing medicine, and one of them is working for the United States Public Health Service, and he is stationed in India, and he is concerned with the control of polio in that part of the world. He had just come back from reviewing the state of polio in Indonesia—come back to his headquarters in India, when my friend, the doctor who I mentioned previously—his father—had been over in India, and was acquainted with what his son is doing in that area. They have not won the battle completely. There is still a lot of polio to be eliminated, and polio is still present to some degree in the South American Continents, and certainly in Southeast Asia. Q Do you think that... A: I should say, before finishing this particular subject, the advent of "flu shots", now is such that the public health people throughout the world can anticipate what type of viral infections are likely to occur from year to year, and where they're liable to occur. This gives rise to anticipation and the delivery of vaccines, or as we call them now, "flu shots" Certain age groups (and I happen to be in one of those age groups—the elderly), are advised to have flu shots or vaccines in the fall of the year in preparation for the colder weather in certain parts of the world. So the advent of almost annual infections of influenza of some type has prompted the use of certain maneuvers in preventing them. Q: What sort of public health precautions were taken during the polio epidemic of the fifties? A: Certainly there was great concern in the schools, in the school population. Q: I wondered if the schools were ever closed. A: I don't recall, but I can soon find out with regard to isolating groups of people, and the question of meetings in sizable groups such as schools, the theatres, church etc. These were all of concern to the public health people, and the medical profession. Q If one member of a family contracted polio, was the rest of the family quarantined at all? A: I don't think so. But I can find out for you, and I will. Dr. Cairns, whom I worked with, was a pediatrician, and during his tenure as an intern in pediatrics at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto where he took his pediatric training, there was a polio epidemic. He was exposed to many, many cases of polio, particularly in children. The diagnosis was made with the examination of the spinal fluids, and Dr. Cairns was an expert at the diagnosis, management and treatment of Polio. I'd be pleased to speak to him, and get more information for you. Q: Yes, that would be interesting. A: I'll do that for you. Now, at the old hospital, on 7th Avenue, that I spoke about, which has been renovated and is used as private suites, its now a housing development, and we don't have an isolation hospital anymore. Q: No. A: We still use separate techniques with certain patients in the acute hospitals... Q: Isolation rooms? A: Yes. And this brings to mind my experience with a case of typhoid fever. We seldom saw typhoid fever, but during my training in Montreal, we had a small occurrence (I won't say epidemic) of typhoid fever in Fort MacLeod at one time, and I was entrusted by the Doctor in charge to go and see the patient to see what signs of fever were developing at that time. Fortunately, we had chlorimycetin, an antibiotic which had been developed and was becoming available at that time, and was found to be helpful in the treatment of typhoid fever. The patient I speak of was given that drug and responded quite successfully. Q: Were any public health measures taken at that time, was there any concern that there might be a carrier? A: Yes, they did study the environment of the patient to determine whether or not there was a "typhoid Mary" about. Typhoid Mary was a... Q Yes, I remember... A: I think she worked in a kitchen or had something to do with food. Q: Yes, a cook, I think. A: She spread the disease rather spectacularly. I don't remember them finding any specific carrier in the case I speak of. We did have another unrelated case though. I was called out to Coaldale to see a boy in his early teens who had been swimming in one of the irrigation ditches. He had typhoid fever. It was proven by tests that he had typhoid fever and he was put under treatment. These cases were put under separate technique in hospital, and both of them responded successfully. Q Do you remember any other incidences of epidemics of infectious diseases during your years of practice in Lethbridge? A: The only thing that I would have to say is in my early years of practice in Lethbridge, there was a rather loosely controlled public health program with regard to venereal diseases. There was a fairly open type of red light district in Lethbridge—this goes back to the late 30s. We had a rather high —I shouldn't say high—but certainly we had a significant incidence of venereal disease including gonorrhea and syphilis. Q: So neither disease was uncommon in Lethbridge at that time? A: Not uncommon at all. That time was just prior to the advent of antibiotics, particularly penicillin, and penicillin was a drug which was helpful in the treatment of both diseases. There were other drugs which we used, particularly in patients which had some of the secondary effects of venereal disease, particularly in syphilis we used some of the heavy metals such as arsenic and bismuth. We gave them these drugs into the muscles. Q Were they effective? A: They helped to some degree, but they weren't really a cure. Q: Were there procedures in place...I'm not really sure, but I think that now, if a physician discovers a case of venereal disease, is he or she not obliged to report it? A: Yes. Some of those were reportable diseases. And there was to some extent, some reporting. Yes, there was. We had one Doctor here in Lethbridge who was in charge of the public health laboratory downstairs in the lab area of this hospital, and he was responsible for public health-he was a doctor concerned with public health. Q: I suppose there has always been the ethical dilemma that physicians face between protecting the patient's confidentiality on the one hand, and protecting the public on the other.. A: Yes. That's true. But we had no hesitation in reporting, for the most part. There was a lot of concern, though. But as long as there was a red light district, in existence and active, we were going to have venereal disease. And we did. Q: What would you have estimated the incidence to be? A: I'm not sure. I've got a book called Booze, which outlines some of the activities of that era, but the houses were right here—just this side of fifth street (west). Did I tell you about driving down there one night? Q No.. A: Did I tell you about the lady—she was in charge of this group of girls from, I think, Drumheller. They moved around from Lethbridge to Drumheller. She had a gall bladder condition—the lady who was in charge—the madam. For some reason, she came to me about here gall bladder. She'd never have it out, she said she was too busy. But I remember one night, it was a Saturday night I believe, and she called me at my home and told me she was having this bad gall bladder attack and she'd have to have a hypo. Now this would have been about two o'clock in the morning. I said, "Okay, I'll come over." Which I did. I got in my car and drove down—we were living on 13th street. I drove downtown and got onto Fourth avenue. She was in a house right close here, on fifth avenue and about third street I think. Q: Uh huh... A: Now when I got across fifth street, I was aware of the fact that there was a policeman falling in behind me. And he followed me all the way. I went straight to the door of the lady's place. Now she conducted her business with several girls. On the front verandah there was sort of a glassed in or screened verandah. Now in this area were what you would call now the "Johns. They were buying booze out there while they waited, I guess. Q What happened then? A: Well, he followed me in his car right up to the door. I got out of the car, and got my bag, and as soon as he saw my bag he turned around. Never followed me a step further. Q: (Laughing) I guess he had figured out why you were there. A: Yes. And I walked through this group of Johns, who were having their drinks, and she took me in the bedroom, and I gave her the shot, and then got myself out of there. Q. (Laughing) Did you have any other...were any other prostitutes your patients?--! imagine they would be some Doctor's patients. A: Yes. They'd have to be. Because they weren't without medical needs. Q: Sure. A: I don't remember ever having any others though. I do remember some of the men coming in though, when they had symptoms of the disease. And I remember one— maybe I shouldn't mention this—but she was a lady, a real nice lady, about 30 or so, her husband was stationed here, I forget in what capacity, she came in one day with a rash, and I looked at it and thought "oh, no." It turned out to be secondary syphilis, and she had gotten it from her husband. It was a sad situation. I don't like to even talk about it. Q: Yes, it would be. A: An innocent girl. Q It must have been very difficult for you, to tell her what she had. A: Yes, very difficult. Q: Yet, she had to be told. A: Oh yes. It had to be treated. It was very sad. Those are things that are better left unmentioned. Q: Well, not really. They happened. Yes, yes. Unfortunately they did. Q I know that you didn't practice obstetrics at all, although you were probably called in... A: No, I didn't practice obstetrics at all. I saw the occasional patient when they were pregnant, but these were then transferred to the care of one of the Drs. Haig. One of our Doctors, Dr. Lloyd Johnston came along just after the war, and he practiced obstetrics, and he did all our obstetrics after he came. Q: Would you be consulted by the other doctors in the clinic though, if they had a case of a pregnant woman with say an existing heart condition or diabetes or something? A: Yes. If there was a medical problem I often saw them. Q I'm thinking of the maternal death rate back then-in the 40's and 50's. It had decreased significantly by the 80's had it not? A: Yes, I think that...yes I think that those statistics have improved a great deal. Q In the first years of your practice, when women died in childbirth or immediately post partum, what did they die of? Infections? A: I think infections—yes, certainly prior to the advent of antibiotics that would be the main cause. Q Were C sections performed as often as they are now? A: No, not so often, but when they were indicated, they were done. Dr. Peter Campbell, of the Campbell Clinic, was the "Dean of Medicine" in the South for some years. He was an examiner for the Canadian Medical Council, which I believe I've mentioned. Q: Yes. A: At the time of our examinations for the Medical Council of Canada, he was the one who handled obstetrics. Q. Did you recall, were there many home births in the late 30's when you first got here? A: Not many. But I remember...! was sort of the new boy on the block here... Q: And you got sent out? A: One afternoon, no one evening, a man from I think it was Turin, north of Picture Butte, phoned in and said that his wife was having a baby and he needed a doctor, and he wouldn't bring her in. so one of the Drs. Haig said: "I don't know, you better go on out there, Arnold, and deliver that baby." This was before, well, I forget the exact time, but it was certainly early in my years. So I said: "Okay, I'll go out." And I thought that I would take my wife with me because she had some experience with nursing. Q Yes. A: She wasn't a registered nurse, but she had some experience. And I thought, I'll take Dr. Cairns, he was a pediatrician. And he came too. So I thought I was well armed. Q (laughs) A: So we got out there, and the lady was just ready to have her baby. I was careful, I had made sure there was water boiled and cooling off, and had her in position to have the baby properly—got everything hunky dory. Things were ready to cut the cord, and I'd done everything antiseptic. I got myself washed, and came along into the bedroom, hands held up like this (demonstrates) and pulled up the cover that they'd put on here, and there was the baby—born! Q: (Laughs) A: She'd done it all by herself. With no difficulty whatsoever. And no help necessary from me. It wasn't her first baby. That was my only experience of being present at a delivery in a home. Q Yeah. I think that in the 20's possibly, home births were quite frequent. A: Yes. Quite frequent. By the late 30's, early 40's, they were uncommon. That was the only one I knew of. Q: Although moms were kept in the hospital far longer than they are now. A: Oh yes. Seven days, ten days. Oh yes. This was the same for all surgery. Appendix was in bed for seven or eight days. Hernia, we kept them in for a couple of weeks. Oh yes. Q: What do you think of the fact that they send the moms home now after 24 hours? A: I think its great. Q Well, I was talking with a friend, and we both wondered a little about it. You know, in Europe, where there are still many home births, or when mothers go home after 24 hours, there is a midwife or public health nurse who drops in daily just to make sure everything is going OK. But I don't think we have that set up here yet, so I worry about it a little. A: Yes. That would be an advantage, or a reassurance. But I would rather have the system we have now, by and large than the one we had then. Q. Yes, childbirth is not an illness. A: No, its a natural procedure. Q: But I think that years ago there was more of a support system in terms of mothers, sisters, aunts, etc. A: I think you're right. There were families who just loved to take care of people. Q: Yes. And I think that years ago women who were of an age to be grandmothers, in their fifties, were in a situation where they could take a few weeks off to stay with their daughter or daughter in law or niece. Now, most women of that age have full time jobs. A: Yes, its a different society. Q I suspect that there might be some problems, without procedures in place for home visits. A: Yes, I think you may be right. Q: I want to talk about the whole medicare thing. In Lethbridge of course, when you first began practice, there was a form of prepaid medicine. A: Yes. I've always practiced in an environment of prepaid medicine. Q: Do you recall in the early 60's in Saskatchewan...! think it was 1961 or right around there...Were Doctors in Alberta, and specifically in Lethbridge concerned about the Saskatchewan situation? A: Yes, we were. We were concerned that the state was going to take over the practice of medicine. We were concerned about the Tommy Douglas vision of medical care by the state. We in Alberta had had experiences with prepaid medical care through the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District, the contracts with the CPR, the Teachers and other groups, the private contracts that individual families could take with the Doctor, and for 20 or 25 dollars a year they would be covered for all office calls, all hospital calls, 50% for maternity, 50% for surgery, and this was a form of prepaid medical care. Q. Yes. A: And it worked very well! The Doctors, I've told you, I believe, made quite a good living from the prepaid medical programs, including the private contracts, because the private contracts were taken out by a lot of people who could afford medical care, but they very seldom ever came near the doctor. It was a form of insurance for them. And, of course, at that time $25 was more than it is today. Q Oh, yes. A: Things were different. Yes. But what we had then, the medical care which came in as a result of what Saskatchewan was experimenting with, or attempting to establish. Eventually, we had moved, at that time from individual contracts to what was called MSI, Medical Services incorporated, which was Doctor sponsored medical care through premium payments by individual people. The medical profession ran it—they were responsible for it. Dr. Steve Smalz, who was here in Lethbridge and as a medical practitioner had come previously to practice in Taber moved into Lethbridge with Dr. Louis Roy. Dr. Smalz eventually became the medical director of MSI Alberta. He moved to Edmonton and became the general Manager there. MSI was prepaid medical care run by the profession, and it worked very well. The medical profession was happy, and the recipients, that is the people, were happy too. Q It wasn't universal though was it? It was voluntary. A: It was voluntary. The provincial government in Alberta decided that this was a good plan, and they wanted to make it more general and acceptable to the population at large. They were responsible for the inauguration of the Alberta Health Plan, which provided for medical care for everyone in the province. The details with regard to payment I don't want to get into at this point, but this was the difference between that plan and MSI. It went from Doctor sponsored to government sponsored. Then, the federal government came into the picture, and medicare was instituted across the country. It provided for the four basic criteria: Universality... Q. Um, there's universality, accessibility? A: Portability...there's four of them Q. Yeah, I know... A Yes, portability. You could carry it from province to province...Anyway, this replaced the pre-existing programs in the various provinces, including Alberta. To me, it has been a very good form of provision for health care in our country. Q I think most Canadians would agree with you. A: Its an excellent plan. I think we're in danger, to some extent, of it becoming fragmented at this time, but I think wise heads will prevail and hopefully, we will not go backward. I hope not. Q So, as a practitioner, would you say that you didn't really have any problems with it? A: No. Again, I may be repeating myself, but before the MSI program came in, and before the Alberta Health Plan, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta was responsible for helping establish and maintaining a payment of medical care for senior citizens, old age pensioners. Q Yes, I think we've talked about that. A: The Government gave the College a lump sum payment and said now distribute this to your professional people throughout the province in return for providing health care to old age pensioners. We got sometimes much less than what we would have gotten if we had been charging a regular fee, but at least these people were getting medical care, it was paid for by the government, and the profession, through the College of Physicians and Surgeons, administered the funds. That worked out very well, for everyone concerned. Q Do you think... A: That was replaced, of course, when we came to medicare. Q Do you think that a profession-administered health care plan might have worked just as well, or better, than the government administered one? A: It did. Q. But MSI didn't cover hospitalization, did it? A: I don't think it did. Q: I think one had to have some sort of separate coverage, like Blue Cross or something. A: Yes, you're right. Blue Cross came into the picture at right about that time. That's right. Q I'm wondering which was more expensive. I wonder about the relationship of what one might have paid to MSI and Blue Cross back then compared to what one pays for Alberta Health Care now? A: That's hard to judge, because everything has gone up. Q Yes. I wonder though, if the relationship between the average monthly wage and the payment is about the same, though A: Yes, I would estimate that its probably much the same. You know, when you consider the cost of a loaf of bread, and the cost of a suit. I would probably say that it is much the same. Q: Remembering back to those days, were the doctors of your acquaintance upset with the plan to the point where any of them left the country, or...? A: I knew of a few who left the country. A few. Relatively few. Q And their feeling was that they wanted to be in control of how they ran their practice...? A: I think so, I think that's probably the reason. The other reason is that fees were higher in the United States. At the same time, one must consider or have in mind the fact that the British Plan had been established in the United Kingdom, and they had medical care provided... Q; Did you not have a large number of British Physicians emigrate to Canada at that time? A: We had a large number of British Physicians who came to Canada. A large number who came to Lethbridge. Q. Was their any resentment from Canadian born physicians of this large influx of British physicians. Was there ever a feeling of "the pie is only so big, and if we have to cut it up in too many pieces we can't make a living", or... A: No, I don't think we ever had that feeling. We were happy to happy to have physicians come. There were many well trained doctors who came to us in Canada who were, who contributed to the maintenance of good standards of medical care. Yes, that's what I would be convinced of. I'm sure of that. We needed them. We weren't producing enough—we weren't putting out enough doctors from our own medical schools to adequately take care of the medical needs of the country. Q: Yes, when I think of the hours you had to work in the 40's you were probably glad to have the load lightened a little. A: Yes, we were glad. And I can think right off the top of my head of many doctors who are good, good doctors who came to us from Great Britain. We considered ourselves fortunate to have them. Q Do you think that some, or many of these Doctors emigrated to Canada because of the socialized medicine issue? A: That's probably one reason that they came. There were other factors, though, I think. The mood of—the system in England was sort of a panel system of doctors, and the doctor would have a panel of patients. And he would take care of those patients, irrespective of the cost, and patients were given to him. He would just get them. Q: So there was no choice. A: This was the matter of choice, yes, as I know it. Again, there are still living in Lethbridge doctors who could give accurate answers to those questions, because they are still here. Some of them are still practicing here. Mind you, most of them who came during that time are retired, but still living here. Q Yes, but I was interested in your perception of it, so... A: Well, my perception was just as I've stated it. It just improved...well I shouldn't say "improved" because we had a good quality of medical care here...but I think that they did in no way cause any impingement on the quality of our care of patients here. Q. And there was no resentment or feeling of... A: I wasn't aware of any. Personally, no. Q: Well, its a quarter after... A: Yes, that's enough for today.

Access Restrictions

Public Access

Accession No.

19931081173

Collection

Archive

Less detail